Description:

The If statement checks a condition and executes a block of code if the condition is true.
If the condition is false, it can execute an alternative block (Else).

Example:

Sub ExampleIfThenElse()
    Dim age As Integer
    age = 25

    If age >= 18 Then
        MsgBox "You are an adult."
    Else
        MsgBox "You are a minor."
    End If
End Sub

Control structures allow you to make decisions or repeat code based on certain conditions.

Description:

Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks and return a value to the calling code. 
They are called by their name and can be used in expressions.

Example:

Function AddNumbers(a As Integer, b As Integer) As Integer
    AddNumbers = a + b
End Function

Sub ExampleFunction()
    MsgBox "The sum is: " & AddNumbers(5, 3)
End Sub

Description:

Used to store date and time values.

Example:

Dim today As Date
today = Date

Description:

Used to store text or alphanumeric data.

Example:

Dim message As String
message = "Hello, Excel!"

Description:

Used to store True or False values.

Example:

Dim isRaining As Boolean
isRaining = True

Description:

Used to store double-precision floating-point numbers with decimals.

Example:

Dim height As Double
height = 175.5

Description:

Used to store single-precision floating-point numbers with decimals.

Example:

Dim pi As Single
pi = 3.14

Description:

Used to store larger whole numbers between -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

Example:

Dim population As Long
population = 1000000

Description:

Used to store whole numbers between -32,768 to 32,767.

Example:

Dim age As Integer
age = 25